Mourinho admits misfiring Manchester United 'need some time'

Socceruncle | Aug. 27, 

The Portuguese has been under scrutiny following a 3-2 defeat to Brighton, but believes he is still making up for a testing pre-season

Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho has stressed his side "need some time" to get up to speed in the new Premier League season.

United were beaten 3-2 by Brighton in their second game of the campaign and they face Tottenham on Monday already six points behind the likes of Liverpool and Chelsea, albeit with a game in hand.

Rumours of discontent behind the scenes at Old Trafford have been swirling and Mourinho's terse press conference last week did little to dispel the notion all is not well.

In terms of United's on-field fortunes, Mourinho has welcomed the Spurs fixture coming eight days after the Brighton contest as he feels his players entered the new campaign without sufficient preparation.

"When you have a good week, when you train really well, things are positive, you expect good individual performances," he told Sky Sports.

"You don't expect mistakes and you expect a good result, not a defeat.

"Normally when you lose you want to play immediately and two days after that was not the case. But I am happy that was not the case because in this moment we need some time.

"We need players to be back, we need players to train more, to have a kind of pre-season after the pre-season that they didn't have after the World Cup."

Mourinho is hoping to see his side raise their game against Spurs, with United holding fond memories of recent meetings with the north London outfit.

The Red Devils edged out Mauricio Pochettino’s team in last season’s FA Cup semi-finals, with three points now being sought on a Premier League stage.

"It is a big game against a good opponent, an opponent that last season, in all the three matches we played, they were difficult matches in spite of [the fact] we won two of them,” said Mourinho.

"It [the FA Cup semi-final] was a good performance, away from home where everybody was expecting us to lose the match. We didn't start well and conceded an early goal and after that we had the quality and the mentality to change the result, to be dominant in the second half and it was a really good performance.

"We know what a good team they are and we know that they come here with their objectives. Big match but no need to work much on the motivational level because we have natural motivation to play against the good teams."

Rll number

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Bobrisky reveals Toyin Abraham spent N500k at his birthday party

Naij News | Aug. 26, 2018

- Bobrisky recently revealed that Toyin Abraham spent N500k on drinks at his birthday party

- The actress spent the huge sum of money when they all visited a club

- The self-acclaimed Barbie doll thanked her for her generosity

eagleee.com had earlier reported that popular Nigerian cross dresser Bobrisky celebrated his birthday in the midst of his famous friends.

Some of those spotted at his party include actresses Tonto Dikeh, Mercy Aigbe, Anita Joseph and Toyin Abraham.

However, it is a now deleted post he dedicated to Toyin Abraham that has raised eyebrows. Bobrisky who made the post on his Instagram page wrote that the star actress spent a whooping N500, 000 on drinks at his after party in a nightclub.

See a screenshot of his post below:

He then shared a thank you message to Tonto Dikeh and Anita. For Tonto, he wrote that: “You are my world I was in tears lastnite wen I flash back how much u love me. I know the internet are waiting for drama btw u and I but so sad they will still have to wait for 100 more years. Really wish alot of people can love me the way u do. I don’t think any other person can take ur space away from my heart.”

Tonto also wrote on her time at Bobrisky’s party. “Not had so much fun like I did last night,These folks tried to drag me to da club. Spent a few but the GOD IN ME COULDNT BE HELD DOWN.  

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37 corps members escape death in Ogun accident

37 corps members escape death in Ogun accident

Global News NG | Aug. 14, 2018

Thirty-seven members of the National Youth Service Corps, (NYSC,) who completed their service on Monday in Ogun State, were involved in an accident shortly after leaving the orientation camp in Sagamu.

The Sector Commander of the Federal Road Safety Commission, (FRSC), Ogun State Command, Clement Oladele, who confirmed this, said 19 of them comprising nine males and ten males were injured.

He said the corps members were heading to Sango en route Ibadan-Lagos Expressway in a white coloured coaster bus, when the accident occurred around the Danco petrol station axis. He said none of them died, but some sustained ”serious injuries”.

Mr Oladele said the accident was caused by speed violation and loss of control by the driver. He also said the injured victims were evacuated to FRSC Accident Emergency Clinic at Sagamu.

The official disclosed that four of the victims with ”more serious injuries” were referred for further checks at Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH) Sagamu.

He advised corps members, when commuting, to always caution drivers who drive carelessly especially during the raining season.

He added that if such drivers discard such warnings, commuters should call FRSC toll-free number (122) and officers will take necessary disciplinary action against such erring drivers.

The accident came over a week after some corps members drowned in Taraba while swimming in a river.

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Experimental Ebola treatment begins in DR Congo

Global News | Aug. 14, 2018

The Democratic Republic of Congo has started using the experimental mAb114 Ebola treatment on patients in the east of the country, the health ministry said on Tuesday, the first time it has been deployed against an active outbreak.

The outbreak in eastern Congo’s North Kivu province has now spread to neighbouring Ituri province, where a person who was a confirmed case died after returning home from the flare-up’s epicentre in the North Kivu town of Mangina, the ministry said in a statement.

Five new cases have been confirmed, the ministry said, bringing the total number of cases to 57.

The ministry said that 41 people are believed to have died in all from the haemorrhagic fever.

The mAb114 treatment was developed in the US by the National Institutes of Health using the antibodies of the survivor of an Ebola outbreak in the western Congolese city of Kikwit in 1995.

It was 100 per cent effective when tested on monkeys.

The ministry said that several other experimental treatments have arrived in the regional hub of Beni and are awaiting approval from an ethics committee, including Remdesivir, Favipiravir and REGN3450, REGN3471 and REGN3479.

By Juma

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Fire destroys 21 shops at Maiduguri’s Fish Market

Global News NG | Aug. 13, 2018

Mr Ambursa Pindar, the Public Relations Officer of Borno State Fire Service, disclosed this in Maiduguri on Monday.

He said that preliminary investigation into the incident by the state fire service department indicated that an electrical spark from one of the shops in the market was the cause of inferno.

He advised traders to exercise caution in their use of electrical appliances, saying shop owners should always remember to switch off such appliances when leaving the market.

Pindar also stressed the importance of keeping fire extinguishers in their shops, saying they could use them to save lives and property in the event of any fire outbreak.

Reports are that the fire started at about 10:30 p.m. and lasted for about three hours, destroying property worth millions of naira.

A news Correspondent, who visited the market, reports that fish and other essential commodities went up in flames.

The affected traders were seen collecting remnants of their property from the rubblemREPORT

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Ways by which soil looses it fertilization

Ways by which soil looses it fertilization 
* Bush burning : This kills many soil microorganisms such as bacteria and worms which are involved with nutrients production.
* Harvesting : When crops are harvested, the nutrients they contain are lost from the soil.
* Soil erosion : This is the  loss of top soil and as such loss of soil nutrients.
* Continuous cropping : Planting of crops from year to year on the same portion of land which leads to loss of nutrient.
* Leaching : When the soil does not retain water well, percolating water carries nutrients beyond the reach of plant roots.
Different types of erosion
Erosion of land can occur in a variety of different ways which includes
1. Water erosion : The beating action of rain falling on wet soil destroys surface aggregate and also reduce the amount of infiltration of water. Once the infiltration rate is exceeded by rainfall, surface run off takes place down the slope.

The longer and steeper the slope, the greater the erosive power of the run off. As it flows down slope, water takes into suspension first the clay and silt and as it picks up speed, it takes up progressively coarse materials.

2. Wind erosion : Wind erosion starts with a process Known as saltation;  which is a sort of jumping motion of the smallest ,most erodible particles or aggregate of soil.

Particles which becomes airborne in gusts of wind fall gradually back to the ground after covering a distance of three or four meters. The impact of these particles hitting the ground moves other particles of similar and larger size.
The larger particles slide and roll along the surface until stooped by ditches while the finer materials are projected higher into the air to form dust clouds.

3. Glacier erosion : Glacier are giant bodies of ice that pick up huge pieces of rock, some even as big as houses. A combination of the water, ice and picked up sediments creates a powerful eroding machine. As more sediment is picked up, the force of erosion becomes greater.

The erosion can smooth out areas that were once rugged and rocky. Glaciers are such a powerful force that they can carve out valleys or create land forms such as deltas.

4. Soil erosion : Flooding, wind etc, can carry the top soil away and make the soil fertile. When forest are cleared for timber or to make room for agriculture, the rate of soil erosion can increase dramatically because trees are no longer there to hold  the soil in place. Increased erosion can cause streams and rivers to become clogged with silt, which harms or kill aquatic animals.

 Also overgrazing  by herbivores can lead to soil erosion because grasses are very efficient in holding down and stabilizing soil..
        Measures to check soil erosion 
* Reforestation  is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted. The tree roots serve to anchor the soil and prevent  erosion.
* Contour plowing is the farming practice of plowing across a slope following its elevation contour lines. The rows formed slows water run-off during rainstorms to prevent  soil erosion.

* planting  of perennial plants which have deep, extensive root systems can help hold soil in order to prevent erosion.

* Terracing is used in farming to cultivate sloped land. Terraced fields decrease erosion and surface run off and are effective for growing crops requiring much water such as rice.

     Ways to conserve soil fertility 
* proper soil management involving an adequate soil conservation program.
* Adding of green manure
* Inclusion of leguminous plants to provide free nitrogen

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Maize cultivation

Maize cultivation
Maize is only known in the  cultivated state and is believed to have originated in Mexico in prehistoric times. It currently has world wide distribution and is grown where summer ate reasonably warm.
Africa, Asia, and America are the most likely countries of origin. Processed corn is consumed as a snack or cereal by man and may also be used as silage to feed livestock.
      Soil types preferred by maize
Some of the major soil types preferred by corn include alfisols, entisols and inceptisols.  The soil PH in maize fields range from 5.8 to 6.5 in the alfisol and 6.2 to 8.1 on vertisols.

These soils are characterized by low organic carbon contents, weak soil profile development, coarse or medium textured upper layers of soil and low microbial load attributable to the low organic carbon.

The afisols are prone to high phosphorus fixation. Corn prefers deep, naturally rich, easily tilled soil. The soil should be free from restrictive layers (hard pan) and soils with PH lower than 4.5 should be avoided or corrected by the application of lime.

The most suitable soil type for maize is a soil with good effective depth, favourable physical properties (texture and structure), good drainage, optimal moisture regime and sufficient and balanced  quantities of plant nutrients.
          Method of cultivation
Maize is propagated from seeds. A deep, firm seedbed, free of clods and surface irregularities should be prepared preferably on moderately heavy to heavy soil.  Soil should  be worked and dialed about 3-4 weeks before planting, thus allowing for partial decomposition of organic materials.

Planting depth varies from 5-10cm, depending on the soil type.  Planting should be shallower in heavier soils than in Sandy soils.
Weed control during the first 6-8 weeks after planting is crucial, as weeds compete vigorously with the crop for nutrients and water during  this period.

The presence of weeds during harvest may hinder the process and transmit odors to grain which incurs additional cost for removal.
The visible sign of the maturing maize plant is senescence, dying back of leaves starting from the lower leaves and continuing upwards.

This is the period of grain drying which can progressively be monitored through the kernel milk line. The disappearance of the milk line denotes that the grain has reached physiological maturity. The appearance of the black layer at the tip of the kernel (detachment of kernel from cob)  denotes harvestible maturity.
             Major disease of maize
Some fungal diseases of maize include gray leaf spot (cercospora zeamaydis), anthracnose leaf spot (colletotrichum graminicola), common corn rust (puccinia sorghi).
Solution to diseases
The above fungal diseases can be managed by treating the seed with fungicides, planting when soil conditions are warmer and drier, use of proper planting depth, use of resistant hybrids and crop rotation.

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Former Brazil striker Ronaldo hospitalised with pneumonia in Spain

Socceruncle | Aug. 12, 2018

Retired Brazilian striker Ronaldo has been hospitalised with pneumonia on the Spanish holiday island of Ibiza and is recovering well, a local newspaper reported Sunday.

The 41-year-old, widely considered one of the world’s best-ever players, was admitted to the intensive care unit of the Can Misses Hospital on the island on Friday afternoon where he was diagnosed with pneumonia, local daily newspaper Diario de Ibiza reported.

Several hours later Ronaldo asked to be transferred to a private hospital called Clinica Nuestra Senora del Rosario, the newspaper added.

The former Barcelona and Real Madrid player remains in intensive care and but was “evolving favourably”, unnamed hospital sources told the newspaper.

Contacted by AFP, a hospital spokeswoman said she was unable to give any information for privacy reasons.

Ronaldo, who was named FIFA’s world player of the year three times prior to his retirement from football in 2011, is a regular visitor to Ibiza, where he owns a house.

He won his first cap for Brazil as a 17-year-old and went on to score 62 goals in 97 international appearances, including both goals when Brazil beat Germany 2-0 in the 2002 World Cup final.

By Agnes

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Library and information

      The Library

Library  is a collection of print and non-print materials that is carefully selected, organized to facilitate reading, teaching, learning and research. 

        Types of  library
* National library
* Public library
* Academic library
* Special library
* School  library
* Digital  library
                National  library
The national library is the library of other libraries.  It Is established and maintain by the federal government.

The national library has the responsibility of carrying out bibliographic control. In the national library you read and review but not permitted to carryout.
                  Public library
Public libraries  are libraries established and maintained by public funds,  There is no discrimination and restriction to public library.
           Academic library
The academic library are attached at the higher level or institution .

 Academic library are information centers established in support of the mission of their parent institutions to generate knowledge, and equip people with knowledge in order to serve the society and advance the well being of mankind.

           Special library
Special library refers to those libraries that are established to serve the needs of a special group of people with similar interests, examples are medical libraries, law libraries etc.
          School library
A school library identifies, collects,processes,organizes,stores,preserves and disseminated information relevant to the needs of the teachers and pupils.

The library is attached to the primary and secondary school modern to develop the culture and the reading habit of pupils and students.
           Digital library
A digital library is a library  in which  collections are stored in formats as opposed to print and other media's which are accessible by computers . The contents may be stored locally or accessed remotely.
The digital library provides more choices, enhances flexibility and often provides the learners with instant feedback.

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The system of government

The systems of government
Federal system
Confederate system
Unitary system
Presidential system
Parliamentary system
         Federalism/federal system of government
This is a system of government that involves the constitutional sharing of power from the central or federal government to its component units.

The units of the federal government are;
(a) The exclusive list: This is where the federal government have the absolute power to legislate. (Eg) defense, printing of currency, custom.

(b) The concurrent list: This is where the federal or state government legislate on but If  there is a clash of interest the federal government takes control.

(c) The residual list: This is where the state government has absolute power on (Eg)  markets
.m; primary health care

             Characteristics of federalism /federal system
* There is constitutional sharing of power between the central government and it's components units.
* The federal government is stronger than the component units.
* They have rigid constitution
      Confederal system of government
This is a system of government whereby the component units are stronger than the central units.

         Characteristics of Confederal system of government
* The component units are stronger than the federal government
* It could lead to  sensuality or break away
* It has rigid constitution
          Unitary system of government
This is a system of government whereby the ultimate power of the state is in the hands of a person or group of persons for administrative convenient.

     Characteristics of unitary system of government
* There is no constitutional sharing of power
* The constitution is flexible
* It  has autocratic system of government
     The presidential system of government
This is a system of government whereby an individual is both the head of state and also the head of government. He the sole executive and commander in chief of arm forces.

      Characteristics of presidential system of government
* The sole executive
* There is separation of power
* The president performs both ceremonial and executive functions
             The parliamentary system of government

This is a system of government that has dual executive whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government and the queen is the head of state.

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System development life cycle (SDLC)

System  development life cycle (SDLC)
what is system development life cycle?
The system development life cycle (SDLC) is the traditional system development method that firms use for huge scale IT projects.

 The SDLC is a structured framework that consists of sequential processes by which an information system is developed.
It has the following stages;
* System Investigation /planning
* System Analysis
* System Design
* System Implementation
* System Evaluation
* System Maintenance
Once a development project has the necessary approval from all participants, the systems analysis stage begins.

System analysis is the examination of the business problem that an organization plans to solve with an information system.

The main purpose of the systems analysis stage is to gather information about the existing system in order to determine the requirements for an enhanced system or a new system.

When the system developers have accumulated the user requirements for the new system, they proceed to the system design stage.

The system development life cycle (SDLC) is also a term used in system engineering, information systems and software engineering to explain a process of planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.

The systems development life cycle concept applies to a range of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only, software only, or a combination of both.

SDLC  can be used during the development of an IT project, it describes the different stages involved in the project from  the drawing board, through the completion of the project.

A system development life cycle is composed of a number of clearly described and distinct work phases which are used by system engineers and system developers to plan for design, build, test, and deliver information systems.

     Like for instance like anything that is manufactured on an assembly line, an SDLC aims at producing high-quality systems that meet or exceed customers expectations, based on customer requirements, by delivering systems which move through each clearly defined phase, within the scheduled time frames and cost estimation.

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Phylum hemichordata

Phylum hemichordata :

Once grouped as chordates, the Hemichordate are now a distinct phylum.

    They are group of worm like marine animals with apparent and intriguing relationship with the echinoderms and the chordates.

     The acorn worms (hemichordates) are believed to be a link between the vertebrate and invertebrates.

    The hemichordata lacks the notochord which excludes them from the chordates,however,they exhibit the presence  of the pharyngeal gill slits and in some species,a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

Classification  of the phylum hemichordata

The phylum comprises of two classes :

*class enteropneusta

*class pterobranchia

Class enteropneusta : This is a cylindrical, soft bodied and worm like animal with ciliated body surfaces. They are acorn worms.  They are common inhabitants of shallow water, with most species forming mucus lined burrows in Sandy or muddy sediments. The body is long and narrow and is divided into three distinct regions.

 The anterior called the proboscis is followed by a narrow collar regions and then the bulk of the body called the trurik.

The three body regions correspond with typical deuterostome body division:protosome,mesosome and metasome e. g. Balanoglossus, Ptychodera.

Acorn worm(saccoglossu)

Class pterobranchia : They exhibit a dorsal extension of the pharynx,forming an anterior stimichord just like the enteropneusta, which serves to support the surrounding tissues. However, they differ from the enteropneusts by possessing ciliated, anterior tentacles and a U shaped gut. Although, most members of this group have rigid tubes that they secretes e. g. Cephalodiscus.

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Phylum echinodermata

Phylum echinodermata:

The echinoderms are mostly marine animals. They include the sea stars, sea lilies, feather stars, star fishes, sea cucumber, sea urchin .some live in oceans and at great depth.

      Echinoderms are the most abundant group of animals that are available on the deep sea floor. Most of  them are slow moving animals and most use the tube feet(podia) for attachment in the bottom of the  sea.

      Although their free living larval stages are bilaterally symmetrical, most adult echinoderms show a basic five -point (pentamerous) radial symmetry. As radially symmetrical animals ,they lack cephalization. Thus adult echinoderms generally do not have anterior and posterior ends. Instead, the body surfaces are designated as being with either oral or aboral.

They have an internal skeleton compose largely of calcium carbonate. Typically, this skeleton bears projecting spines which give the body surfaces a spiny appearance.

       Their most distinctive feature is the WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM which consists of a series of fluid -filled canals. During  locomotion, the water vascular Canal operates like a hydraulic system. Echinoderms lack definite excretory system.

Characteristics of the   echinodermata

* Most echinoderms are typically pentamerous, that is the body is usually with five -radiating areas.

* They have skeleton  made of calcareous materials. The exoskeleton carries spines on them.

* The digestive tract is complete.

*Most echinoderms are dioecious (sex are separate) and fertilization is commonly external.

Classification of the phylum echinodermata

There are quite  a huge number of classes but five (5) classes of existing echinoderms are usually recognized

* Class of Asteroidea

* Class of Ophiuroidea

* Class of Echinoidea

* Class of Holothuroidea

* Class of Crinoidea

Class of asteroidea: They are the star fishes. They possess arms and a basically star-shaped body.

Class of Ophiuroidea :They are the brittle stars and the basket stars. They lack the anus and the tube feet lack suckers.

Class Holothuroidea :They are the sea cucumber. They are soft bodied animals. They have slender bodies which are elongated at both ends.

Class of Crinoidea : The Crinoids are the most primitive. They include the sea lilies  and the feather stars.

Class of Echinoidea :These are the sea urchins and the sand dollar. They are heart-like in shape  and the tube feet end with suckers.

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Preservation of animal species

Preservation of animal species 

Preservation  can be defined  as the use of chemical, physical or other            Processes to prevent  microbial
and physical damages to biological specimens with a view of retaining their  original  form and prolonging their  storage life.

    The procedure  for preservation of animal  specimens varies greatly from  one animal group  to another.
      In most cases, the animal must first be killed or narcotised in a suitable  way so as to leave the tissues  in a state ,which is proper for display.
     The specimen is then fixed in this  condition and finally preserved. This final preservation is normally made either in a solution of ethanol or methanal (formalin).

Techniques  in fixing and preserving animal materials
     Fixation is a chemical process, which stops autolysis  and stabilizes protein components of tissues so that in
subsequent processing the tissue retains as fully possible the form they had in life.
     Preservation allows materials to be stored indefinitely by destroying any microbial action, which could degrade the specimen.
    The choice of fixation will depend upon the animal material to be fixed and the purpose for which it is being fixed.
Narcotisation :This is also known as relaxation and is an interim technique for animals since many are highly contractile and assume  grossly distorted  postures if placed straight into fixative.

The main factors to be considered in 

Speed of penetration : This determines the size of specimen that can be fixed.
Hardening: Some chemical like ethanol  is particularly liable to cause tissues to harden on prolonged exposure to high concentration.
Shrinkage :Certain fixatives such as ethanol and mercuric chloride  cause  tissues to shrink thus distorting the specimen  significantly.

Preservation techniques

Wet preservation : Fhis is used mainly for animals and is usually preceded by narcotisation. The process of fixation is then comparatively straight forward. Most times, it is necessary to arrange the body and appendages of the animals using tape.

* A 5-10%v/v aqueous solution of formalin(=40% v tv aqueous  formaldehyde neutralized with calcium carbonate to prevent any acidity in the solution resulting in the slow dissolution of calcareous  structures.)
*50-70% ethanol : Ethanol is inflammable, highly volatile and tends to cause shrinkage and decolorization in soft bodied animals. Pass  them slowly through a graded series of concentrations to minimize this problem.

Dry preservation
This form of preservation is used mainly for vertebrate taxidermy and for arthropods  and other invertebrate species. The hard exoskeleton of arthropods are easily preserved in dry state since the skeleton  prevents collapse and loss of form upon drying.

Taxidermy : it is a type of dry mounting where the vertebrate is carefully skinned to remove the body and then replace with false body made of polystyrene, foam or cork etc.

Storage : Careful maintenance of specimen after fixation /preservation process is very important. The storage conditions for materials preserved either in wet or dry state.

Labelling : labelling must be comprehensive and contain information on the fixative and preservation processes  as well as ecologically and taxonomic details.

Reasons for animal preservation

* it prolongs the storage life of the  specimens.
*it prevents  the attack of micro–organisms like bacteria  and fungi that causes  spoilage.
* it helps in the preservation of large quantities of specimen needed for laboratory studies.
*extinct animals specimens can be preserved  for future study.

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fractional distillation of crude oil

fractional distillation of crude oil 

In the fractional  distillation of crude oil,the crude oil is heated above 400c and pumped

into the fractionating column where the components condense at their respective boiling  points.

         Conversion process

Conversion processes are the technique that are used to  improve  the quality of petrol product  after  initial distillation.

The techniques  used are:

* Hydro treating

* Catalytic  reforming

* Catalytic cracking

   Hydro treating: It is a refining process for removing sulphur  and other undesirable  elements from  petroleum  products.

       Catalytic reforming : catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to  covert linear hydrocarbons to high brand hydrocarbon.

Catalytic cracking :This is the  breakdown of higher molecular weight petroleum fraction into lighter ones with the use of catalyst.

It can yield  petroleum of higher octane number. Example of octane

number is 2,2,4 trimethylpentane

                                                             

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Reaction of ethanoic acid

Reaction of ethanoic acid 

MATERIALS

* ethanoic acid

*sodium ethanoate

*potassium permanganate

*mercury (ii) chloride

*ammoniacid  silver oxide

*concentrated  tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid

*iron(iii) chloride

APPARATUS

*test tubes

*bunsen burner

*measuring cylinder

*test tube pack

PROCEDURE : mix five drops each of ethanoic acid and ethanol

In a test tube, followed by the addition  of three drop of concentrated

Tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid. Warm the mixture  gently  and pour it into a boiling  tube about

half full of water.

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idioms

Idiomatic expression 

What is an idiom:An idiom is an expression  whose meaning  cannot  be arrived as by giving

a definition  to the individual works that makes up the expression.  In other words an idiom is a fixed expression.

Examples of idioms and their meanings 

* A black leg (one who betrays people)

*To smell a rat (to be  suspicious)

*To have a headache like a  sieve (to be  forgetful)

*To bury the hatchet  (to settle a quarrel)

*A green horn (an inexperienced  person)

*To keep at arm's length (to avoid a person)

*To dig someone in the ribs (to make unkind remarks about a person)

*To be at sixes and seven ( to be  confused)

*To kiss to the dust (to die)

*To hit the nail at the head( to go straight to the point)

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figures of speech

                FIGURES OF SPEECH

This  is a figurative part of speech.

 It is a figurative  in the sense that the words or sentence  used by the writer helps to create an image in the mind of the reader.

It gives connotative meaning to words. The following are types of 

figures of speech.

Metaphor

Oxymoron

Paradox

Simile

Personification

Synedoche

Irony

Hyperbole

Euphemism.

Metaphor :it is the commonest figure  of speech. It can also be referred to  as the sole of words .

It involves a direct  comparison between two things that are not alike but have something  in common.

Examples  of metaphor. Peter holds the  key to her heart

Austin  is a lion

The car thundered by.

Oxymoron :This involves the usage of contradictory items or terms to describe situation or incident.

Examples  of oxymoron

Bittersweet

True lies

joyful sorrow

Sweet pain

Personification :it is all about  adding a human trait or attribute to an inanimate object.

Examples of personification

She kissed the hands of death

The trees sang for joy

Let the floods clap their hands

 Synedoche :This is a figure of speech  in which a path is made to stand for  the whole.

Examples of synedoche

All hands must be on deck

He has many mouths to feed

Simile:This is an indirect comparison  between two things that are not related with words such as like and as

Examples of simile

The man is as old as the hills

Amanda is as slippery as an eel

His head is like a coconut

     .

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parts of speech

                        

            PART OF SPEECH

Part of speech refers to classes of word as determined by the kind of roles the play in a sentence. Every word has a given  functional identity.

Words are grouped  into classes to show  their  grammatical function. There are(8) families of word that form this community  called part of  speech. This  families are grouped into (2) called  the lexical or content word and structural or function word.

Lexical or content word :the are those 

words that has denotative meaning. Under lexical word we have noun, verb, adverb, adjectives.

Functional or structural  words :the do not have dictionary meaning. Under structural  we have  pronoun ,preposition, interjection, conjunction.

                        Noun

A  noun is a name of  a person,  animal ,place or thing, quality, emotion.

          Function of  a noun

.1. Noun plays the role of a subject,object.

2. It can function as a compliment.

                        VERB

A verb is an action  word or a state of being. Verb can be sub divided into two major  part  which are.

* finite verb : the  are controlled by the subject

* non finite verb

      ADVERB

An adverb  modifies  a verb, an adjective and other adverb.

           ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are word that modifies  a noun.

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petroleum

petroleum

What is petroleum? It is a black viscous  liquid mixture which is present  in rock strata and can be extracted and refined to produce fuel, kerosene, diesel.

           FORMATION OF PETROLEUM

Petroleum  was formed  over millions of years by decomposition  of millions  of dead microscopic marine algae, animals and plants which under great pressure heat and bacterial activity is converted to crude oil and natural gases. 

    COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

*Natural gases contains many methane and some ethane, propane and butane while  crude oil contains  alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, sulphur, nitrogen compound, oxygen compound, halogen. 

Types of crude oil

Crude oil can be classified by their density or by their sulphur content. 

We have 

*crude oil with low sulphur and it is said to  be sweet 

*crude oil with high sulphur and it is said to be soured. 

We also have light crude, medium crude,heavy crude ,extra heavy. 

Light crude contains  31.1

Medium crude  between 22.3& 31

Heavy crude 22.0

Extra heavy 10.0

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Study skills

Study skills

Study skills involve reading and listening .

     A good approach  to studies will enhance  appreciation  and understanding of the material  read .

That is to say that comprehension is a key to effective studies. There are various  types  of skills  which  a student  can apply in order to have effective  studies, the include

1. Reading skills :  Here the student  is expected to be able to locate any information he seeks in a textbook,by going through its Table of contents,  usually found at the beginning of a book.

2.Listening skills: Good  listening  entails  paying attention to what one hears and think about it in order to assimilate the information or knowledge  being imparted.

two ways of improving your listening skills

* the material needed for a given lecture, have to be ready  before  the stated time for the lecture so that the moment it starts, you are ready for the information being given.

* Noise is a barrier  to effective listening.it must be avoided.

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