fractional distillation of crude oil

fractional distillation of crude oil 

In the fractional  distillation of crude oil,the crude oil is heated above 400c and pumped

into the fractionating column where the components condense at their respective boiling  points.

         Conversion process

Conversion processes are the technique that are used to  improve  the quality of petrol product  after  initial distillation.

The techniques  used are:

* Hydro treating

* Catalytic  reforming

* Catalytic cracking

   Hydro treating: It is a refining process for removing sulphur  and other undesirable  elements from  petroleum  products.

       Catalytic reforming : catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to  covert linear hydrocarbons to high brand hydrocarbon.

Catalytic cracking :This is the  breakdown of higher molecular weight petroleum fraction into lighter ones with the use of catalyst.

It can yield  petroleum of higher octane number. Example of octane

number is 2,2,4 trimethylpentane

                                                             

Share:

Read More

Reaction of ethanoic acid

Reaction of ethanoic acid 

MATERIALS

* ethanoic acid

*sodium ethanoate

*potassium permanganate

*mercury (ii) chloride

*ammoniacid  silver oxide

*concentrated  tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid

*iron(iii) chloride

APPARATUS

*test tubes

*bunsen burner

*measuring cylinder

*test tube pack

PROCEDURE : mix five drops each of ethanoic acid and ethanol

In a test tube, followed by the addition  of three drop of concentrated

Tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid. Warm the mixture  gently  and pour it into a boiling  tube about

half full of water.

Share:

Read More

petroleum

petroleum

What is petroleum? It is a black viscous  liquid mixture which is present  in rock strata and can be extracted and refined to produce fuel, kerosene, diesel.

           FORMATION OF PETROLEUM

Petroleum  was formed  over millions of years by decomposition  of millions  of dead microscopic marine algae, animals and plants which under great pressure heat and bacterial activity is converted to crude oil and natural gases. 

    COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

*Natural gases contains many methane and some ethane, propane and butane while  crude oil contains  alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, sulphur, nitrogen compound, oxygen compound, halogen. 

Types of crude oil

Crude oil can be classified by their density or by their sulphur content. 

We have 

*crude oil with low sulphur and it is said to  be sweet 

*crude oil with high sulphur and it is said to be soured. 

We also have light crude, medium crude,heavy crude ,extra heavy. 

Light crude contains  31.1

Medium crude  between 22.3& 31

Heavy crude 22.0

Extra heavy 10.0

Share:

Read More